Computer+Basics

Computer Basics


 * Hello everyone ** [[image:Heart.jpg width="47" height="62"]]
 * Happy to Invite to a New Class Technology. ** **[Sona] **

Your participation about **__CPU__ ** in here, add your name between square brackets [.......] to indicate your work

= = = [Thaer Al-Kilani/Mohammed Al-Fawaier/Qayss Al-Sayyad] =

Embedded Systems Presentation

= [Thaer Al-Kilani/Mohammed Al-Fawaier/Qayss Al-Sayyad] =

= = = = = = =**Mainframe Computers** =

=
Mainframe computer are used in huge companies, such as utility companies to calculate customer bills, in banks to manage thousands of customers accounts each day, in insurance companies to keep track of policies and claim, in airlines to deal with bookings, tickets, cancellations, etc; also the police to store and process all of the data collected each day about crimes and hospitals also use mainframe computers to keep track of the patients that come in out.====== [Emad Shihab]

When are mainframe computers used?
​ We use mainframe computers when many diffrent people carry out many different tasks at the same time.Mainframe is used in business when the data to be processed is too huge and has to be processed too many times and may require too much CPU cycles where the else of the computers may flunk. Mainframes are very similar too supercomputers which can process huge number of transactions in small amount of time. [Ahmad Alaskari]

Pronounced as separate letters it is the abbreviation for **//c//**//entral **p**rocessing **u**nit//. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor//,// the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system. On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970's the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations. The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard. Each motherboard will support only a specific type or range of CPU so you must check the motherboard manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat. Two typical components of a CPU are the following: 1-The //arithmetic logic unit (ALU)//, which performs arithmetic and logical operations. 2-The //control unit (CU)//, which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary. ** [Ahmad Alaskari] **


 * __Binary Codes.

Click Here to Visit this Webpage where you can Convert your Text to Binary Codes

01001100 01001111 01001100__**

Did you know that everything a computer does is based on ones and zeroes? It's hard to imagine, because you hear people talking about the absolutely gargantuan (huge) numbers that computers "crunch". But all those huge numbers - they're just made up of ones and zeros.

It's kind of like the computer is made up of a bunch of lightswitches, and each lightswitch controls just one lightbulb. On or Off. One or Zero. But if you took //all// of those lightbulbs together, and said "Let's make each sequence of On-and-Off represent a different number!" Well then, you could get some pretty large numbers.

What do I mean by sequence? Let's say you had two lightswitches. There are four different ways we could flip those switches:

Both Off First Off, Second On First On, Second Off Both On

Binary Code takes each of those combinations and assigns a number to it, like this:

Both Off = 0 First Off, Second On = 1 First On, Second Off = 2 Both On = 3


 * [Thaer Al-Kilani] **


 * __CPU (Central Processing Unit)__**


 * The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a** [|**computer program**]**, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions.**

Operation
The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardless of the physical form they take, is 1) to execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program. The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of [|computer memory]. 2) retrieving an [|instruction] (which is represented by a number or sequence of numbers) from program memory. 3)The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory is used to determine what the CPU is to do. 4) **execute** step is performed. During this step, various portions of the CPU are connected so they can perform the desired operation. If, for instance, an addition operation was requested, an [|arithmetic logic unit] (**ALU**) will be connected to a set of inputs and a set of outputs. The inputs provide the numbers to be added, and the outputs will contain the final sum. The ALU contains the circuitry to perform simple arithmetic and logical operations on the inputs (like addition and [|bitwise operations]). If the addition operation produces a result too large for the CPU to handle, an arithmetic overflow flag in a flags register may also be set. 5) In other cases results may be written to slower, but cheaper and larger, [|main memory]. [** Thaer Al-Kilani] **

hiiiii everyone am gona show you how the CPU is made

[|how the CPU is made] hope that you will enjoy it

joke of the day Teacher: Maria please point to America on the map. Maria: This is it. Teacher: Well done. Now class, who found America? Class: Maria did.

hope tht you guyz liked it

(**ahmed jibouri)**

**[Thaer Al-Kilani]** media type="youtube" key="oOSuXuAHyAc" height="525" width="873"

CPU stands for "Central Processing Unit". Modern CPUs are "integrated chips", with all the processing components compressed into a single piece of silicon. It is essentially the brain of the computer, carrying out all of the numeric, logical and processing functions, and is composed of three parts:

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Its main responsibilities are executing the required calculations and making logical comparisons and decisions. It can either do basic integer arithmetic, namely addition, subtraction, division and multiplication; bitwise logic operations, which are basically operations with binary numbers and bits; and bit-shifting operations, which are something of a conundrum to the average reader. It is also designed to carry out more complex operations than these

Control Unit: It controls the operations of other parts of the CPU and computer by sending control signals to them. It controls their sequences, the flow of data, the interpretation of instructions and other peripheral devices attached to the computer.

Registers: These act as memory locations, and each location is reserved for a specific purpose, like instruction decoding, programmer counting, process status, and the accumulator.

These parts are all made up of thousands of transistors, and the simple effect of a transistor is what makes the processing of huge amounts of data possible.

To measure a CPU's speed, you have to take into account its bit width (how many bits it processes in a single instruction), clock cycles (how cycles per second the chip operates at) and execution cores (how many execution cores there are in the chip). **[Miguel Hamoy] **

The Central Processing Unit or CPU is the brain of the computer. Without the CPU, the computer doesn’t exist. The CPU is made up of a immense amount of transistors. The Central Processing Unit is the section of a computer system that performs the instructions of a computer's programs, and is the main building block carrying out the computer's functions.

These days, CPUs are named integrated chips. The method of an integrated chip is that several processing mechanisms are incorporated into a particular piece of silicon.

The Central Processing Unit does the actual data processing. The data it processes is attained from the system and sometimes from the computer’s main memory. The data is then sent from there back to the main memory. Not only is the CPU responsible for the calculation, it also handles and synchronizes the working of the important parts.

The CPU has been used in the technological business at least starting around the early 1960s. The appearance and accomplishment of them have altered hugely since the older models, but the basic working of the CPU has stayed the same since the beginning of its use. Current CPUs are extraordinarily fast. When writing, the Central Processing Unit of a normal computer is able to carry out tens of millions of commands every second.

[Lana Khamash]

​ Embedded Systems:

An Embedded system is a computer system that performs one or few jobs. We call it 'embedded' because it is an electrical computer system that works on electrical pulses, and can control mechanicals. By contrast, a personal computer is multi-purpose, But an embedded computer is single-purpose.Personal Computers are controlled by the CPU, But embedded computers are controlled by either a Micro-Controller , or a Digital Signal Processor , which both of them have the same function as a CPU.Personal Computers ,and embedded computers have the same parts. Some devices that consist of embedded systems : Routers, PDA's,Printers,Micro-Wave Oven, And too many electrical devices that are used today.Embedded Systems are in every aspect of life, which makes them useful for every one in this society. [Mohammed Al-Fawaeir]

**__ Cache __** Cache is a component that improves performance by storing data such that future requests for that data can be served faster. The data that is stored within a cache might be values that have been computed earlier or duplicates of original values that are stored elsewhere. If requested data is contained in the cache, this request can be served by simply reading the cache, which is faster. Otherwise, the data has to be recomputed or brought from its original storage location, which is slower. That's why, the more requests can be served from the cache the better the overall system performance is. To be cost efficient and to enable an efficient find of data, caches are comparably small. Yet, caches have proven extremely effective in many areas of computing because access patterns in typical computer applications have locality of reference. References show temporal locality if data is requested again that has been recently requested already. References show permanent locality if data is requested that is physically stored close to data that has been requested already. [rayan saleh]

====The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. they start to use it at the 1960s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed from that time to now.However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are made for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers. Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. ====

[Mohammed Al-Hamdani]
= = Binary code is the system of representing text or computer processor instructions by the use of the binary number system's two-binary digits "0" and "1". A binary string of eight digits (bits), for example, can represent any of 256 possible values and can correspond to a variety of different symbols, letters or instructions. In 8-bit ASCII code the lowercase a is represented by the bit string 01100001. In computing and telecommunication, binary code is used for any of a variety of methods of encoding data, such as character strings, into bit strings. Those methods may be fixed-width or variable-width. In a fixed-width binary code, each letter, digit, or other character, is represented by a bit string of the same length; that bit string, interpreted as a binary number, is usually displayed in code tables in octal, decimal or hexadecimal notation. There are many character sets and many character encodings for them. A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be translated into a decimal number.

characteristics for embedded systems:


 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have [|real] time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an [|automobile] provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as [|firmware], and are stored in read-only memory or [|Flash] memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen. [qayss]

** Central Processing Unit ** (**CPU**) The **Central Processing Unit** (**CPU**) or the **processor** is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. It’s the brain of the computer-it is the 'compute' in computer. Modern CPU's are what are called 'integrated chips'. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation remains much the same. The CPU is composed of thousands (and soon billions) of transistors. Each transistor is a set of inputs and outputs. When the inputs receive electricity, the combined charge changes the state of the transistor internally and you get a result out the other side. This simple effect of the transistor is what makes it possible for the computer to count and perform logical operations, all of which we call __//processing//__ //.{Razan Ramini}//

These links will show you some new modern types of computers, and future technologies: [|Introduction About Future shopping] [|RollTops] [|High-Tech Future computers] [|Future iHoloPhone] [|Music Players !] [|The All-In-1 Revolution] [|The Robots of the future] [Mohammed Al-Fawaier]

The CPU is the Central Processing Unit, the job of the CPU is to calculate,sort files........etc. There are 3 parts of the CPU:1.control Unit 2. immediate access store 3. Arethmetic and Logic Unit Without the CPU ,there is no way that your computer will work. **Reason:Because without the CPU the data will never be saved and the calcutation,sorting........etc will not be controlled.** [Abdullah Ghali]

Here is a summary I made for all the known input devices. An **input device** is any peripheral or piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide or insert data into an information processing system such as a computer. Input devices can be classified into two group; Manual Input devices and Automatic input devices. **// Keyboard //** : is an input device, which uses an arrangement of keys, to input data or information into the computer. **// Magnetic Ink Character Recognition //** : is a character recognition technology basically used by the banking industry to make the processing of cheques easier. [Tala Aldwik]
 * __ Input Devices __**
 * 1. ****__ Manual Input Devices: __**
 * // Mouse //** : is a pointing device that functions by detecting motion and is used to point, click, and select items on the screen.
 * // Joystick //** : a rod-like device often used by people who play computer games.
 * // Scanner //** : a device which converts images such as photographs into digital images that the computer can manipulate.
 * // Touch panel //** : a device which senses the placement of a user’s finger and can be used to execute commands or access files.
 * // Microphone //** : a device used to input sounds such as the human voice which can activate computer commands with voice recognition software.
 * // Graphics Tablet //** : a device which allows users to interact with their screens using a pen-like device.
 * // Digital Camera //** : an input device that takes photographs or images and stores them on a memory card instead of using a film.
 * // Concept Keyboard //** : a flat grid of buttons that can consist of any combination of words, symbols, or even pictures, and each key is programmed to do a specific task.
 * // Touch Screen: //** is an input device that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area.
 * 2. ****__ Automatic Input Devices: __**
 * // Optical Character Recognition //** : is the electronic translation of scanned images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-encoded text.
 * // Optical Mark Reader //** : is an input device that can capture human-marked data from document forms such as surveys, tests, and lottery tickets.
 * // Biometric Devices //** : are input devices that comprise methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more physical or behavioral traits.
 * // Magnetic Stripe Reader //**** : a ** magnetic stripe reader is a device that reads the information encoded in the magnetic stripe located on the back of a plastic badge.
 * // Barcode Reader // : ** A barcode reader is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes using a light beam.
 * // Sensors //**** : ** A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity such as light, temperature and pressure and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

**In** **computing****, a keyboard is an** **input device****, partially modeled after the** **typewriter keyboard****, which uses an arrangement of buttons or** **keys****, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. A keyboard typically has characters** **engraved** **or** **printed** **on the keys and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written** **symbol****. However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce** **letters****,****numbers** **or** **signs** **characters****), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or computer commands.** ​ [Reem Allaf] **.
 * Keyboard:**
 * In normal usage, the keyboard is used to type text and numbers into a** **word processor****,****text editor** **or other program. In a modern computer, the interpretation of keypresses is generally left to the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other and reports all keypresses to the controlling software. Keyboards are also used for computer gaming, either with regular keyboards or by using keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, such as** **Windows'** **Control-Alt-Delete** ** combination, which brings up a task window or shuts down the machine.